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今天想和大家简单的(de)(de)介绍一(yi)下精(jing)密(mi)机械加工的(de)(de)工艺和步骤，管理员我自己当然不是(shi)很了解(jie)(jie)这里(li)面的(de)(de)情况(kuang)，所以(yi)就找来了公司(si)的(de)(de)技术人员进(jin)行了解(jie)(jie)。
北京机械加工厂告诉我们(men)精(jing)密机械加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)艺一般按(an)照(zhao)机械加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)艺规(gui)程的(de)制定(ding)，大体可(ke)分(fen)为(wei)两个(ge)步骤。首先是拟定(ding)精(jing)密零(ling)件(jian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)艺路线，说白(bai)了就是先分(fen)析(xi)需(xu)要加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)零(ling)部件(jian)，没有实物则可(ke)以分(fen)析(xi)零(ling)部件(jian)的(de)图纸。然后根(gen)据所分(fen)析(xi)和(he)拟定(ding)出来的(de)报告再确(que)定(ding)每一道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)尺寸、所用设备和(he)工(gong)(gong)艺装备以及切削规(gui)范、工(gong)(gong)时定(ding)额等。
工(gong)(gong)艺(yi)路线的(de)拟定(ding)是制定(ding)工(gong)(gong)艺(yi)过程的(de)总体布局，一个(ge)零部件加(jia)工(gong)(gong)出来(lai)的(de)好不好，主要任务是选择(ze)各个(ge)表面(mian)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)方法，确定(ding)各个(ge)表面(mian)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)顺序，以及整个(ge)工(gong)(gong)艺(yi)过程中(zhong)工(gong)(gong)序数目的(de)多少等。这(zhei)一步很关(guan)键，你(ni)只有把所有的(de)准备工(gong)(gong)作好到(dao)为(wei)了，下面(mian)的(de)事情就(jiu)好办了。
拟定工艺路(lu)线(xian)的一般原则（这个步(bu)骤一般由设计工程师来做）
1.先加(jia)(jia)工(gong)基准面。零件在(zai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)过(guo)程中，作为(wei)定(ding)位(wei)基准的表面应(ying)首(shou)先加(jia)(jia)工(gong)出来(lai)，根据图(tu)纸(zhi)或者(zhe)之(zhi)前分析出来(lai)的参数等，把大(da)体(ti)的零件形(xing)态加(jia)(jia)工(gong)出来(lai)。以便(bian)尽快为(wei)后续工(gong)序的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)提供(gong)精基准。称为(wei)“基准先行”。
2.划(hua)分(fen)(fen)加工(gong)(gong)阶段(duan)。精密零部件(jian)的加工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)量要(yao)(yao)(yao)求高的表面，都划(hua)分(fen)(fen)加工(gong)(gong)阶段(duan)，这么十分(fen)(fen)的重要(yao)(yao)(yao)和复杂。一般可分(fen)(fen)为粗加工(gong)(gong)、半精加工(gong)(gong)和精加工(gong)(gong)三个阶段(duan)。主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是为了(le)保证加工(gong)(gong)质(zhi)量；有利于(yu)合理(li)使用设备；便(bian)于(yu)安排热处理(li)工(gong)(gong)序；以及(ji)便(bian)于(yu)时(shi)发现毛坯缺(que)陷等(deng)。
3.先(xian)面(mian)(mian)后孔(kong)(kong)。对于箱(xiang)体、轴类和(he)连杆(gan)等(deng)零件应(ying)先(xian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)后加(jia)工(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)。这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)就可以(yi)以(yi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)定位加(jia)工(gong)(gong)孔(kong)(kong)，保(bao)证(zheng)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)和(he)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)精度(du)，而且对平(ping)面(mian)(mian)上的(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)带(dai)来方(fang)便。因为相对来说(shuo)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)要简单一些，孔(kong)(kong)比(bi)较复杂，先(xian)把(ba)简答的(de)(de)事情做了，在(zai)去做复杂的(de)(de)，这(zhei)(zhei)样(yang)比(bi)较合(he)理。
4.光(guang)(guang)整(zheng)(zheng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。光(guang)(guang)整(zheng)(zheng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)。这个(ge)也是最(zui)(zui)后(hou)一(yi)步，同样非常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要。主要表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)整(zheng)(zheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)（如研加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、珩磨加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、精磨加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)\滚压加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng)），应(ying)放在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺路线最(zui)(zui)后(hou)阶段进(jin)行，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面光(guang)(guang)洁度必须要达到客户(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，一(yi)定(ding)要确(que)保(bao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)来的(de)(de)(de)(de)精密零部件(jian)(jian)安(an)放，争取做到轻(qing)拿轻(qing)放，因为轻(qing)微的(de)(de)(de)(de)碰撞都(dou)会损坏表面，在(zai)日本、德国(guo)等(deng)(deng)国(guo)家，在(zai)光(guang)(guang)整(zheng)(zheng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)，都(dou)要用绒布(bu)进(jin)行保(bao)护(hu)，绝对不准用手或其它物件(jian)(jian)直接接触工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)，以(yi)(yi)免光(guang)(guang)整(zheng)(zheng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面，由于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序间的(de)(de)(de)(de)转运和安(an)装而受到损伤。毕竟是精密零部件(jian)(jian)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)比较高，有一(yi)点表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)不对，就会影响(xiang)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用。
上(shang)述为加工工序安排(pai)的一(yi)般(ban)情(qing)况(kuang)。当然(ran)也(ye)有一(yi)些(xie)特殊的情(qing)况(kuang)，有些(xie)具(ju)体情(qing)况(kuang)可按下列原(yuan)则处理(li)。
(1)为(wei)了保(bao)证零部件(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出来(lai)(lai)的(de)精(jing)度。粗(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)精(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)最(zui)好分开来(lai)(lai)进行。因为(wei)粗(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)时，切削(xue)量大，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)所受切削(xue)力(li)(li)、夹紧力(li)(li)大，发热量多，以及加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)表面有较显(xian)著(zhu)的(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)硬(ying)化现(xian)象(xiang)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)内部存在(zai)着较大的(de)内应(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，如(ru)果粗(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)精(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)连续进行，则精(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后的(de)零件(jian)精(jing)度会因为(wei)应(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)的(de)重新分布而很快丧(sang)失。对于某些加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度要求(qiu)高的(de)零件(jian)。在(zai)粗(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后和(he)(he)精(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)前，还(hai)应(ying)(ying)安排低温(wen)退(tui)火或时效处理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)来(lai)(lai)消除(chu)内应(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)。这一(yi)点非常的(de)重要，有条件(jian)，尽量还(hai)是(shi)要把精(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)粗(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分开，要知(zhi)道，你图一(yi)时省事，可(ke)能带来(lai)(lai)的(de)是(shi)一(yi)大部分的(de)零部件(jian)不合格，损失更大，当然这个也是(shi)根(gen)据不同情况来(lai)(lai)定的(de)。
(2)合理(li)地(di)选用(yong)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)零部件加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)设(she)备(bei)。粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)主要是切掉(diao)大(da)部分加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)余量(liang)，并不(bu)(bu)要求(qiu)有较高(gao)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)度(du)，所(suo)以粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)应在功率较大(da)、精(jing)(jing)度(du)不(bu)(bu)太高(gao)的(de)(de)机床(chuang)上(shang)进行(xing)就可以了。而精(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序则要求(qiu)用(yong)较高(gao)精(jing)(jing)度(du)的(de)(de)机床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。粗、精(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)分别在不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)机床(chuang)上(shang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，既(ji)能(neng)充分发(fa)挥设(she)备(bei)能(neng)力(li)，又能(neng)延(yan)长(zhang)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)机床(chuang)的(de)(de)使用(yong)寿命(ming)。这一点耐特公司就做的(de)(de)非常好(hao)，购买的(de)(de)是日本进口机床(chuang)进行(xing)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。
(3)在(zai)机械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺路(lu)线中，经常有热处(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)。热处(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)位置的(de)安排(pai)如(ru)(ru)下：为(wei)改善(shan)金属的(de)切削(xue)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性能，如(ru)(ru)退(tui)火(huo)、正火(huo)、调质(zhi)等(deng)，一般安排(pai)在(zai)机械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)进(jin)行。为(wei)消除内应力，如(ru)(ru)时(shi)效处(chu)理(li)(li)、调质(zhi)处(chu)理(li)(li)等(deng)，一般安排(pai)在(zai)粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，精加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)进(jin)行。为(wei)了提高零件的(de)机械性能，如(ru)(ru)渗碳、淬火(huo)、回火(huo)等(deng)，一般安排(pai)在(zai)机械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)进(jin)行。如(ru)(ru)热处(chu)理(li)(li)后(hou)有较(jiao)大(da)的(de)变形，还(hai)须安排(pai)最(zui)终加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)。
以上就是管理(li)员我(wo)记录下的(de)机械加工工艺和(he)过程(cheng)。这些都是公司(si)技术人员和(he)我(wo)说的(de)，他(ta)(ta)们是努(nu)(nu)力在第一线的(de)工人，所以他(ta)(ta)们知道(dao)这里(li)(li)面的(de)每(mei)一个环(huan)节(jie)，在这里(li)(li)感谢他(ta)(ta)们的(de)努(nu)(nu)力。